On 12 July 1926, Bell was discovered dead, of an apparent overdose of sleeping pills. Through her travels, she became well versed in Arabic, Persian, German, French as well as a little bit of Turkish and Italian. It consists of a double rampart, situated on the river bank. The British government duly honored Bell for her work. Gertrude Bell was an archaeologist, a linguist, traveller, and the greatest woman mountaineer of her age. She was an archaeologist fascinated with Arab culture, a linguist, a spy, and the greatest female mountaineer of her age. Gertrude Bell. Bell's mother, Mary Shield Bell, died in 1871 while giving birth to a son, Maurice (later the 3rd Baronet). Using Shi'ite history to gain support for Faisal, during the holy month of Muharram, Bell compared Faisal's arrival in Baghdad to Husayn, grandson of Muhammad. "Miss Bell's Lines in the Sand", Guardian, 12 March 2003, https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/74e845fa-b746-3598-8c8e-cebd02f786b7, "October 1920: Women granted full membership of Oxford University", "7 October 1920: Oxford University allows women to graduate", "Gertrude Bell: adventurer, diplomat, mountaineer and anti-suffragette", "Gertrude Bell on the 1910 Masterpieces of Muhammadan Art Exhibition in Munich", https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/12/iraq.jamesbuchan, "How Gertrude Bell caused a desert storm", "pictures of the memorial in East Rounton Church", "New genera of meliturguline bees from Saudi Arabia and Persia, with notes on related genera (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)", "Gertrude of Arabia: the great adventurer may finally get her museum", "UNESCO celebrates archive of a remarkable woman", "Archival material relating to Gertrude Bell", British "Queen of Iraq" rests in Baghdad cemetery, Gertrude Bell, a Masterful Spy and Diplomat, Review of the Civil Administration of Mesopotamia, London: H.M. Stationery Office. Not many people know Gertrude Bell: her life, her achievements, and her legacy have been largely written out of history.The influence she exerted over the British administration in the Middle East, particularly between 1915 and 1926 when she died, was enormous and outweighed that of her male counterpart T.E. [30] The museum was officially opened in June 1926, shortly before Bell's death. Bell traveled to the Middle East for the first time in 1892 to visit her uncle, who was the British ambassador to Tehran in Persia (now Iran). At sixteen she attended Queens College and then went to Lady Margaret Hall, a womens college at Oxford University. History was one of the few subjects women were allowed to study, due to the many restrictions imposed on them at the time. In 1903, her father, German-born Julius Otto Krieger, relocated the family to Los Angeles, California. Bell was buried in Baghdad’s Bad al Sharji district. As a result of her mother’s death, she became close to her father who was a progressive capitalist and mill owner. Keeping these groups united was essential for political balance in Iraq and for British imperial interests. Gertrude was only three when her mother died. Therefore, her family ensured her … Her mother died shortly after the birth of her younger brother in 1871, and her father remarried five years later. [17]:14–17 After his death in 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign, Bell launched herself into her work. She was only the second foreign woman after Lady Anne Blunt to visit Ha'il and, arriving during a period of particular instability, was held in the city for eleven days. Later, Bell’s father remarried after four years to Florence Olliffe. Gertrude Bell was a writer, explorer and archaeologist. Both Bell and Lawrence had attended Oxford and earned a First Class Honours in Modern History, both spoke fluent Arabic and both had travelled extensively in the Arabian desert and established ties with the local tribes before World War I. In 1899 Bell studied Arabic in Jerusalem. [8]:365–369 Significant input was given by Gertrude Bell in these discussions thus she was an essential part of its creation. "[41] However, Stewart praises her 1920 White Paper, comparing it to General Petraeus's report to the US Congress.[41]. It may have been suicide. Hogarth honoured her by saying, No woman in recent time has combined her qualities – her taste for arduous and dangerous adventure with her scientific interest and knowledge, her competence in archaeology and art, her distinguished literary gift, her sympathy for all sorts and condition of men, her political insight and appreciation of human values, her masculine vigour, hard common sense and practical efficiency – all tempered by feminine charm and a most romantic spirit.[39]. [24] She drew maps to help the British army reach Baghdad safely. She died on July 12, 1926 in Baghdad, Mandatory Iraq. She died in 1993 at 100 years old. She is buried in the British Cemetery in Baghdad, where she was laid to rest draped in the British and Iraqi flags. After her death, at the Emir's suggestion, the right wing of the Museum was named as a memorial to her. Bell was found dead of an apparent overdose of sleeping pills at the age of 58. A campaign was launched in 2016 to turn Gertrude Bell’s family estate called ‘Red Barns’ into a museum and memorial to her. Bell died alone a decade later in Baghdad at the age of 57, after an overdose of sleeping pills. She was a key member in British policy-making in the Middle East. The exhibition moved to the Kirkleatham Museum in Redcar after its run in Newcastle. ... in in her old age, was to Afghanistan. The remains were brought here Tuesday, and services were held at … The museum opened in 1923 owing much of its creation, collections and cataloguing to Bell. Bell was portrayed by Janet McTeer in the 1995 Dora Carrington biopic Carrington, and by Miranda Richardson in the 2002 film The Hours. Keeping all the groups under control in Iraq was essential to balance the political and economic interests of the British Empire. Their excavations in Binbirkilise were chronicled in A Thousand and One Churches. Bell was found dead of an apparent overdose of sleeping pills at the age of 58. WESTPORT, Conn., June 1--Helen Keller, who overcame blindness and deafness to become a symbol of the indomitable human spirit, died this afternoon in her home here. In 1888 Bell earned a degree from the University of Oxford. She was appointed as ‘Oriental Secretary’ because of her extensive knowledge of the Middle East, its cultures, differing religious sects, and languages. In May 1892, Gertrude Bell traveled to Tehran to visit her uncle Sir Frank Lascelles, the British ambassador to Persia. One Alpine peak in the Bernese Oberland, the 2,632 m (8,635 ft) Gertrudspitze, was named after her after she and her guides Ulrich and Heinrich Fuhrer first traversed it in 1901. The family were patrons of the Arts and Crafts movement in England, and the home, located in Redcar, features wallpaper by William Morris. Gertrude came from the well-known Bell family, who had become very wealthy through the Tees Valley iron and steel industry. They could then be encouraged to join the British against the Ottoman Empire. Stewart notes that Bell was "both more lively and more honest" than political statements in his time. [8]:33–34 Throughout her life, Gertrude consulted on political matters with her father, who had also served for many years in various governmental positions. She wrote a book about her experiences called Persian Pictures, A Book of Travelsthat was published in 1894. [29] The British Commissioner in Mesopotamia, Arnold Wilson, had different ideas of how Iraq should be run, preferring an Arab government to be under the influence of British officials who would retain real control, as he felt, from experience, that Mesopotamian populations were not yet ready to govern and administer the country efficiently and peacefully. The "Mother of the Blues", she bridged earlier vaudeville and the authentic expression of southern blues, influencing a generation of blues singers. [17]:149 Faisal was crowned king of Iraq on 23 August 1921, but he was not completely welcomed. [48], The Gertrude Bell archive, held by Newcastle University, was added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme in 2017. [11]:41 Actually, eleven people graduated that year. When she recovered, she heard that her younger brother Hugo had died of typhoid. She instead volunteered with the Red Cross in France. She grew up exposed to politics and world affairs. She was born July 4, 1895 in McCartney, Pa., the daughter of the late Frank and Harriett Cross Pusey. Due to her familiarity and relations with the tribes in the area she had strong ideas about the leadership needed in Iraq. British officials quickly realised that their strategies in governing were adding to costs. She graduated with high honors in history. In November 1915 she was summoned to Cairo to the nascent Arab Bureau, headed by General Gilbert Clayton. It depicts Magdalen College, Oxford, and Khadimain, Baghdad. She had become fluent in Arabic, Persian, French and German, and also spoke Italian and Ottoman languages.. She brought in extensive collections, such as from the Babylonian Empire. When she recovered, she heard that her younger half brother Hugh had died of typhoid. His role in British policy-making exposed Gertrude at a young age to international matters and most likely encouraged her curiosity for the world, and her later involvement in international politics.[6]. She is said to have been the consummate diplomat as many of the people she negotiated with, became her admirers later on. She traveled to the Hittite city of Carchemish where she met T. E. Lawrence, popularly known as ‘Lawrence of Arabia’, for the first time. [40] He quotes six examples of her writing, the shortest of which is "No one knows exactly what they do want, least of all themselves, except that they don’t want us. Daughter of John Shield of Newcastle-on-Tyne. I've made his acquaintance..."[25]. From the ruins, they created a plan and described the ramparts: "Munbayah, where my tents were pitched – the Arabic name means only a high-altitude course – was probably the Bersiba in Ptolemy's list of city names. Her grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, an industrialist and a Liberal Member of Parliament, in Benjamin Disraeli's second term. She was conferred upon the title of ‘Oriental Secretary’. Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was a British writer, traveller, political analyst, administrator in Arabia, and an archaeologist who mapped and identified Anatolian and Mesopotamian ruins. Together with T. E. Lawrence better known to the world as ‘Lawrence of Arabia’, she helped establish the Hashemite Kingdoms in what is better known today as Jordan and Iraq. LoglineLetters from Baghdad tells the extraordinary and dramatic story of ... She's Old Ain't Dead! Because her parents worked long hours and her father died when she was 15, Gertrude spent much of her childhood caring for her younger brother, Ralph. Bell, died at Indianapolis, last Sunday, of typhoid fever. Bell felt it essential to customise it for Iraq by adding a gold star to the design. Their excavations were documented in the book ‘A Thousand and One Churches’. [22], In 1913, she completed her last and most arduous Arabian journey, travelling about 1800 miles from Damascus to the politically volatile Ha'il, back up across the Arabian peninsula to Baghdad and from there back to Damascus. Less than 10 years later Gertrude Bell would be back in Baghdad, having rigged an election, installed a king loyal to the British, re-organized the government, and fixed the borders on the map of a new Iraq. Gertrude Bell's first love had always been archaeology, thus she began forming what became the Baghdad Archaeological Museum, later renamed the Iraqi Museum. She died here, two days before her 58th birthday in 1926, in an apparent suicide from an overdose of sleeping pills, a manner of death that was kept silent at … She played a major role in establishing the modern state of Iraq. Gertrude Bell was awarded the Order of the British Empire and her works got a special mention in the British Parliament. A stained-glass window dedicated to her memory, made by Douglas Strachan, was erected in St Lawrence's Church, East Rounton, North Yorkshire. She returned to Baghdad and soon developed pleurisy. Iraq would be cheaper as a self-governing state. [33][31], Bell, Cox and Lawrence were among a select group of "Orientalists" convened by Winston Churchill to attend a 1921 Conference in Cairo to determine the boundaries of the British mandate (e.g., "the British Partitions") and nascent states such as Iraq. 1920, Lifestory of Gertrude Bell, from "Lives of the First World War", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Bell&oldid=1001358856, Commanders of the Order of the British Empire, People educated at Queen's College, London, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Writer, traveller, political officer, archaeologist, explorer, cartographer in, This page was last edited on 19 January 2021, at 09:58. Gertrude Bell is remembered in Iraq in the 21st century. James Buchan on the extraordinary life of Gertrude Bell… It was said King Faisal watched the procession from his private balcony as they carried her coffin to the cemetery.[17]:235. Bell opposed the Zionist movement, on the grounds that it would be unfair to impose Jewish rule on Arab inhabitants of Palestine. Gertrude Bell. If she were a mirror (or foil) of Ophelia, and was unaware of the poison, then Gertrude dies because the men surrounding her are too caught up in their own concerns to think on the consequences of their actions. She was born in England, in 1868, into a wealthy family. Her grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, an industrialist and a Liberal Member of Parliament, in Benjamin Disraeli's second term. Her mother died in childbirth two year after Bell's birth, and a stepmother raised the young child. She was St. John Philby's field controller, and taught him the finer arts of behind-the-scenes political manoeuvering. She subsequently served as the President of the Library Committee from 1921 to 1924. In 1899, Bell again went to the Middle East. At age 15, she moved to London to prepare for higher education. As the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire was finalised by the end of the war in late January 1919, Bell was assigned to conduct an analysis of the situation in Mesopotamia. David Hogarth recognised the value of Lawrence and Bell's expertise and upon his recommendation first Lawrence, then Bell, were assigned to Army Intelligence Headquarters in Cairo in 1915 for war service. It was not until 1920 that Oxford treated women equally with men in this respect.[13][14]. [3] Along with T. E. Lawrence, Bell helped support the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan as well as in Iraq. She wandered across the Arabian peninsula six times over the next 12 years. Through all her wanderings, whether far or near, she kept in the closest touch with her home, always … Washington, Tyne and Wear. Arriving in February 1916, she did not, at first, receive an official position, but instead helped Hogarth set about organising and processing her own, Lawrence's and Capt. Bell, Lawrence, and Cox were said to have worked incessantly towards the establishment of the ‘Transjordan’ countries as well as Iraq in the conference which was presided by King Abdullah, King Faisal and their sons. Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell was born on 14 July 1868 in Washington Hall, County Durham, England to Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet, and Mary Shield Bell. She became a witness to the Armenian Genocide while in the Middle East. The British diplomat, travel writer and Member of Parliament Rory Stewart wrote: When I served as a British official in southern Iraq in 2003, I often heard Iraqis compare my female colleagues to "Gertrude Bell." [23], In 1927, a year after Bell's death, her stepmother Florence Bell published two volumes of Gertrude Bell's collected correspondence written during the 20 years preceding World War I.[1]. She spent most of the next decade traveling around the world. She has been described as "one of the few representatives of His Majesty's Government remembered by the Arabs with anything resembling affection". She was conferred upon the Order of the British Empire and her work was specially mentioned and acknowledged in the British Parliament. Gertrude Bell never got married or had any children. She played an integral part in the administration of Iraq throughout the early 1920s. At the Cairo Conference Bell and Lawrence highly recommended Faisal bin Hussein, (the son of Hussein, Sherif of Mecca), former commander of the Arab forces that helped the British during the war and entered Damascus at the culmination of the Arab Revolt. Throughout the conference, she, Cox and Lawrence worked tirelessly to promote the establishment of the countries of Transjordan and Iraq to be presided over by the Kings Abdullah and Faisal, sons of the instigator of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire (ca. Referred to by Arabs as "al-Khatun" (a Lady of the Court who keeps an open eye and ear for the benefit of the State), she was a confidante of King Faisal of Iraq and helped ease his passage into the role, amongst Iraq's other tribal leaders at the start of his reign. Gertrude Bell was just three at the time, and the death led to a lifelong close relationship with her father, Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet , a progressive capitalist and mill owner who made sure his workers were well paid and cared for. Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, CBE (14 July 1868 – 12 July 1926) was an English writer, traveller, political officer, administrator, spy and archaeologist who explored, mapped, and became highly influential to British imperial policy-making due to her knowledge and contacts, built up through extensive travels in Greater Syria, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, and Arabia. [16] She also had an unconsummated affair with Maj. Charles Doughty-Wylie, a married man, with whom she exchanged love letters from 1913 to 1915. Her grandfather, Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, was a member of Parliament … However, there was little enthusiasm for Faisal when he landed at the Shia port of Basra. In July 1926, plagued by ill-health, Gertrude Bell died in an apparent suicide at her home in Baghdad. Additionally, being a woman gave her exclusive access to the chambers of wives of tribe leaders, giving her access to other perspectives and functions. Whilst she lost her mother at a very young age, her father, Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet became an important mentor throughout her life. Gertrude Bell’s family was wealth and influential. She is said to have been the consummate diplomat as many of the people she negotiated with, became her admirers later on. Not many people know Gertrude Bell: her life, her achievements, and her legacy have been largely written out of history.The influence she exerted over the British administration in the Middle East, particularly between 1915 and 1926 when she died, was enormous and outweighed that of her male counterpart T.E. Gertrude Bell Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet High Sheriff of Durham Eton College Dorman Long. But I prefer another reading. [11]:218–219, In 1924 she invited Assyriologist Edward Chiera to conduct archaeological excavations in ancient Nuzi, near Kirkuk, Iraq, where hundreds of inscripted claytablets have been discovered and deciphered, now known as the Nuzi Tablets. Because her parents worked long hours and her father died when she was 15, Gertrude spent much of her childhood caring for her younger brother, Ralph. In May 1892, after leaving Oxford, Bell travelled to Persia to visit him. Gertrude Bell, CBE, was an English writer, archaeologist, traveler and diplomat, who was highly influential in helping the British Empire exert its dominance in the Transjordan, Ottoman and Mesopotamian regions of the Middle East. And her father Hugh Bell continued the family business. Gertrude aged 8 with her father. During the spring of 1900 she went to visit t… Shias would respect him because of his lineage from Muhammad. The actions of Old Hamlet also show that Old Hamlet had a very close relationship with Gertrude and was very protective of her. This particular theme for my blog assignment came to me after reading some of my other classmate’s work regarding foils in Hamlet. "Letters from Baghdad" documentary (2016) Directors: Sabine Krayenbühl, Zeva Oelbaum. Gertrude Bell, in full Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, (born July 14, 1868, Washington Hall, Durham, Eng.—died July 12, 1926, Baghdad, Iraq), English traveler, administrator in Arabia, and writer who played a principal part in the establishment in Baghdad of the Hāshimite dynasty. "Mesopotamia is not a civilised state," Bell wrote to her father on 18 December 1920. [18] She travelled across Arabia six times during the next 12 years. She became the only female political officer in the British forces and received the title of "Liaison Officer, Correspondent to Cairo" (i.e. [9], Gertrude Bell received her early education from Queen's College in London and then later at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University,[10] at the age of 17. Gertrude Bell was just three at the time, and the death led to a lifelong close relationship with her father, Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet, a progressive capitalist and mill owner who made sure his workers were well paid and cared for. The physical and mental pressure of authoring numerous books, intelligence briefings, correspondence work along with years of heavy smoking and the heat of Baghdad, took a toll on her health. She traveled to the Middle East again in 1899. I went out last week along the light railway 25 miles into the desert it's the Nasariyeh Railway - ...it was so curious to travel 50 minutes by rail and find...General Maude, our new army commander, has just arrived. Gertrude Bell (1868-1926) was part proper Victorian and part modern woman. Gertrude Bell essentially played the role of mediator between the Arab government and British officials. However, she failed in an attempt of the Finsteraarhorn in August 1902, when inclement weather including snow, hail and lightning forced her to spend "forty eight hours on the rope" with her guides, clinging to the rock face in terrifying conditions that nearly cost her her life. Bell died in the early hours of July 12 of an overdose, two days before her 58 th birthday. Later, she was asked by British Intelligence to get soldiers through the deserts, and from the World War I period until her death she was the only woman holding political power and influence in shaping British imperial policy in the Middle East. Gertrude Amelia Krieger was born on July 15, 1893, in Chicago, Illinois. [35][36], Mark Sykes, the British diplomat responsible for the Sykes–Picot Agreement, was not fond of her.[37]. And here we are, talking all about the men, again. Bell’s grandfather was the ironmaster Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell, a liberal Member of Parliament during Benjamin Disraeli’s second term. Her goal was to preserve Iraqi culture and history which included the important relics of Mesopotamian civilizations, and keep them in their country of origin. [12] However, the two women were not awarded academic degrees. [47], In 2016, a campaign was launched to transform Bell's family estate, Red Barns, into a memorial and museum. A Yorkshire woman, Gertrude Bell had both. Florence Bell was a playwright and author of children's stories, as well as the author of a study of Bell factory workers. [49][50], English writer, traveller, political officer and archaeologist, Gertrude Bell in 1909, visiting archaeological excavations in. Today Gertrude Bell would be 152 years old. Gertrude Bell was born into a wealthy family in the English county of Durham on July 14, 1868. Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell was born in June 1868 in England, in county of Durham. Bell's vivid descriptions revealed the Arabian deserts to the western world. Also Known As: Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell, education: University of Oxford, Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, Queen's College, London, See the events in life of Gertrude Bell in Chronological Order. Her father remarried and had two more daughters and a son with his second wife, Mary. "[40] He quotes Bell's colleague, T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia), as saying that she was "not a good judge of men or situations",[41] and observes that "If there was no ideal solution, however, there were still clear mistakes. The Cambridge City (IN) Tribune, Thursday, November 5, 1891 Miss Gertrude Bell, daughter of Wm. Gertrude Bell was born on July 14, 1868 in Washington New Hall, County Durham, England as Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell. She spent the next ten months writing what was later considered a masterly official report, "Self Determination in Mesopotamia". 12 July, 2016 marks 90 years since the death of Gertrude Bell.. As grand reopenings go, it may prove to be a somewhat low-key affair. Whilst Gertrude Bell accepted her parents' word on the matter she was significantly affected by the experience, and from then on it seems she saw the Middle East as a backdrop to having (or being permitted to perform) heightened emotions and intensity of feeling - it's clear through her prose and poetic translations of this time and later. This is where she met T. E. Lawrence for the second time. Her father owned an iron works. She visited Palestine and Syria that year and in 1900, on a trip from Jerusalem to Damascus, she became acquainted with the Druze living in Jabal al-Druze. The precocious daughter of a wealthy industrialist family from northern England, her life was a series of “firsts”: The first woman to receive highest honors in Modern History at Oxford; Her mother died while giving birth to her brother Maurice and her father remarried Florence Bell soon after, while Gertrude was seven years old. When Gertrude died in 1946, it was revealed that she had bequeathed her portrait by Picasso to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, forever linking their legacies. Gertrude was the wife of William Bell She was the daughter of Frank and Harriet (Cross) Pusey Obit Shinglehouse - Mrs. Gertrude Pusey Bell died at St. Francis Hospital (Aug. 21, 1961). 100% (1/1) Washington Usworth Washington, County Durham. Another son, George Francis Temple Jr. (Sonny), followed in 1919. [20], In 1907, they discovered a field of ruins in northern Syria on the east bank of the upper course of the Euphrates, along a steep slope of the former river valley. 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Is the subject of Susan Sellers ' 2010 novel Vanessa and Virginia and of Priya Parmar 's 2014 novel and! To the western world experiences called Persian Pictures, a liberal member of Parliament during Benjamin Disraeli ’ s was!