In such situations, participants may not discuss their feelings and opinions freely or hesitate to participate in the topic of interest to the researcher. Information about the studies reviewed can be found in the appendices. This section of the text (Chapters 11 through 13) proceedsfrom the more general to the more specific, beginning with problem-solvingconcepts in general, to decision-making procedures, to the effect of conflicton group problem solving and decision making. In addition, they should be in a normal and familiar setting with sufficient space for different activities within the focus group discussion, such as examination of samples, ranking activities, and exercises. T.O.N., K.W. The process begins with identifying the main aim and defining the key research objectives of the study. Are you locally famous? 19). Sustainability Accounting and Reporting in the Industry 4.0. Another important consideration is the number of respondents to be invited for discussion. I am what I am. At this stage, the researcher lists emerging ideas, draws relationship diagrams and identifies keywords used by respondents frequently as indicators of important themes. For the few that did, they only considered gender as the main factor (e.g. Sustainable implementation of advance care planning in Asia: An interpretive-systemic framework for national development. However, one study found the discussion biased in that all participants could not actively take part in discussions due to intimidation or influence by dominant or aggressive participants (179). The studies had a median of 7 focus group discussion sessions, and there were no iterative focus groups in any study. Researching such communities requires additional preparation and resources which might not be readily available to student researchers. 89). Focus groups: What are they and how can they be used in nursing and health care research? EuroAmerican Journal of Applied Linguistics and Languages. Apart from the core thematic areas discussed above, focus group discussion was also used sporadically in a range of contexts. This is usually the case when working with non‐sedentary households especially in the rangelands (e.g. Famous People A Part of Conversation Questions for the ESL Classroom. On the basis of a critical analysis of the relevant literature, we discuss the merits and potential pitfalls of the technique. Our experiences in using the technique indicate that restricting participants to the topic of researcher's interest constraints creativity and encourages conformity and strategic biases. Focus group discussions were used to assess the efficacy of biodiversity monitoring systems to improve natural resources management (158), and biodiversity conservation strategies to improve the quality of forest and marine ecosystems (179; 33; 43; 9). The technique was popular among researchers working within strict timelines, and requiring rapid and resource efficient way of gathering information about complex relationships (199). This can lead to convenience sampling by selecting participants based on their accessibility (Krueger, 1994) easily leading to “volunteer bias” (1960; 1963). These include dominance effect (a dominant individual shapes the discussion), halo effect (the perceived status of a group member influences the discussion), groupthink (the members in a group tend to think similarly to maintain group cohesion) among several others (Mukherjee et al.. This might differ when the group consists of younger participants such as school children (Gibson, 2012; Heary & Hennessy, 2002). Can de facto governance influence deforestation drivers in the Zambian Miombo?. Read the following excerpt. Attention should be drawn to recurring ideas and wider themes connecting the codes (Charmaz, 2006; Krueger, 1994; Ritchie & Spencer, 1994). Assessing the vulnerability of bycatch species from Hilsa gillnet fishing using productivity susceptibility analysis: Insights from Bangladesh. All studies where the technique was merely mentioned in the introduction or conclusion section were eliminated. What are you famous for? Strengthening consumer trust in beef supply chain traceability with a blockchain-based human-machine reconcile mechanism. , two types of focus group discussion should involve everyone in the application of role! Parker & Tritter, 2006 ) comfortable discussing may not be group discussion on famous or important one! Discussion technique in biodiversity research these themes is provided below of traditional and media... As described by Charmaz ( 2006 ) facilitator engagement or involvement an action learning approach was funded by Cambridge Trusts! 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