We shouldnt underestimate the power of listening to make someone else feel better and to open our perceptual field to new sources of information. We wouldnt be very good relational partners if we carried around a little notepad, notating each favor or good deed we completed so we can expect its repayment. d. self-disclosing quickly, which of the following is an accurate statement about interpersonal communication? What about you?, I feel like weve gotten a lot closer over the past couple months., (To friend) We just opened a joint bank account., I cant wait to tell my parents that we decided to get married!, Id really like to be able to hang out with my friends sometimes., Dont worry about problems Im having at work. Wandering away from home is often a concern. For example, one friend helping the other prepare for a big party on their birthday can increase closeness. People may be categorized as one or more of the following listeners: people-oriented, action-oriented, content-oriented, and time-oriented listeners. It has been suggested that we become more aware of the costs and rewards balance when a relationship is going through conflict (Noller, 2006). Zabava, W. S. and Andrew D. Wolvin, The Differential Impact of a Basic Communication Course on Perceived Communication Competencies in Class, Work, and Social Contexts, Communication Education 42 (1993): 21517. d. consequential, Julie and Dustina are arguing over who decides where they will spend the holidays. In general, listening helps us achieve all the communication goals (physical, instrumental, relational, and identity) that we learned about in Chapter 1 Introduction to Communication Studies. As the dynamics in a relationship change, we may engage communally without even being aware of it, just by simply enjoying the relationship. (Homeschool Community for 8th Grade) What is Challenge I? Although this is the most basic form of listening, it provides the foundation on which more intentional listening skills are built. Action-oriented listeners can be thought of as builderslike an engineer, a construction site foreperson, or a skilled project manager. As you can see from this example, the action-oriented listening style often contrasts with the people-oriented listening style. d. the disagreement may affect one party but not the other, Berle and Lo are arguing over when the civil war in Sudan began. 124 lessons As stimuli are organized and interpreted, they make their way to short-term memory where they either expire and are forgotten or are transferred to long-term memory. This disease cant be cured. Before we can engage other steps in the listening process, we must take in stimuli through our senses. This is different from our typical memory function in that information usually has to make it to long-term memory before we can call it back up to apply to a current situation. Some verbal and nonverbal signals of the integrating stage are when the social networks of two people merge; those outside the relationship begin to refer to or treat the relational partners as if they were one person (e.g., always referring to them togetherLets invite Olaf and Bettina); or the relational partners present themselves as one unit (e.g., both signing and sending one holiday card or opening a joint bank account). For example, a time-oriented supervisor may say the following to an employee who has just entered his office and asked to talk: Sure, I can talk, but I only have about five minutes. These listeners may also exhibit nonverbal cues that indicate time and/or attention shortages, such as looking at a clock, avoiding eye contact, or nonverbally trying to close down an interaction. Artemis has used a ___ cue. These listeners can be thought of as learners, and they also ask questions to solicit more information to fill out their understanding of an issue. Content-oriented listeners enjoy processing complicated information and are typically viewed as credible because they view an issue from multiple perspectives before making a decision. But throw in external noise, more visual stimuli, and multiple contextual influences, and we cant remember the name of the person we were just introduced to one minute earlier. c. intimacy Anita L. Vangelisti and Daniel Perlman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 770. We forget about half of what we hear immediately after hearing it, recall 35 percent after eight hours, and recall 20 percent after a day (Hargie, 2011). Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Getting integrated: Listening is a learned process and skill that we can improve on with concerted effort. They may say things like I dont want to talk about that anymore or You mind your business and Ill mind mine. If one person was more interested in differentiating in the previous stage, or the desire to end the relationship is one-sided, verbal expressions of commitment may go unechoedfor example, when one persons statement, I know weve had some problems lately, but I still like being with you, is met with silence. Content-oriented listeners are likely skilled informational and critical listeners and may find success in academic careers in the humanities, social sciences, or sciences. When you paraphrase information, you rephrase the message into your own words. She's not really sure how to start this conversation. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Chapter 1 Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 11 Informative and Persuasive Speaking, http://www.greensborotrc.org/truth_reconciliation.php, Next: 5.2 Barriers to Effective Listening, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. Other research finds that people often still revert back to a single preferred style in times of emotional or cognitive stress, even if they know a different style of listening would be better (Worthington, 2003). Masks are required inside all of our care facilities. People often get action-oriented and time-oriented listeners confused. In terms of credibility, we try to determine the degree to which we believe a speakers statements are correct and/or true. It is only after listening for months as infants that we begin to consciously practice our own forms of expression. These listeners are frustrated by disorganization, because it detracts from the possibility of actually doing something. Although most people dont like to linger in this unpleasant stage, some may do so to avoid potential pain from termination, some may still hope to rekindle the spark that started the relationship, or some may enjoy leading their relational partner on. For example, when we listen to empathize with others, our communication will likely be supportive and open, which will then lead the other person to feel heard and supported and hopefully view the interaction positively (Bodie & Villaume, 2003). Differentiating is the reverse of integrating, as we and our reverts back to I and my. But now it's time to move forward. Healthcare providers and caregivers often focus treatment on slowing the process and ensuring a good quality of life for everyone involved. Termination exchanges involve some typical communicative elements and may begin with a summary message that recaps the relationship and provides a reason for the termination (e.g., Weve had some ups and downs over our three years together, but Im getting ready to go to college, and I either want to be with someone who is willing to support me, or I want to be free to explore who I am.). Then you may branch out and see if there are any common interests that emerge. Which style do you have the most difficulty with or like the least and why? The interpreting stage engages cognitive and relational processing as we take in informational, contextual, and relational cues and try to connect them in meaningful ways to previous experiences. Changes in the brainbegin years before a person shows any signs of the disease. Action-oriented listeners would be happy to get to a conclusion or decision quickly if they perceive that they are acting on well-organized and accurate information. These also happen to be skills that many college students struggle with, at least in the first years of college, but will be expected to have mastered once they get into professional contexts. d. depth theory, Helmut and Claudio discuss a variety of topics but dont discuss beyond a very superficial level. d. compromising, the conflict strategies people choose are influenced by 4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback, 6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication, 6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication, 6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication, 6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication, 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, 8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence, 9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech, 10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions, 12.1 Speaking in Personal and Civic Contexts, 14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication, 14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups, 15.1 Technological Advances: From the Printing Press to the iPhone, 15.2 Functions and Theories of Mass Communication, 16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships. This part of the listening process is more physiological than other parts, which include cognitive and relational elements. which of the following statements is generally true about interpersonal communication? People with Alzheimer disease need to follow a full treatment plan to protect their health. Bruneau, T., Empathy and Listening, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. Which maxim of the principle of politeness is Caitlyn demonstrating? For example, if you see a friend from high school while home for winter break, you may set aside a long block of time to catch up; however, if you see someone at work that you just spoke to ten minutes earlier, you may skip initiating communication. Time-oriented listeners listen on a schedule, often giving people limits on their availability by saying, for example, I only have about five minutes.. Question 7 4 out of 4 points Generally, which stage of the conversation process includes the substance of the conversation? d. all of the above, positive effects of conflict include at 28 four-person tables. Conversational Disclosure: Influence, Rewards, Danger & Guidelines, Principles of Emotions & Emotional Messages, Guidelines for Using Verbal Messages in Communication, DeVito's Six-Stage Model of Relationship Development, Comparing Verbal Aggressiveness & Argumentativeness. Outward communication may be avoided, but internal communication may be frequent. I remember earning perfect scores on exams in my anatomy class in college because I was able to memorize and recall, for example, all the organs in the digestive system. But what about the other symptoms? Termination can result from outside circumstances such as geographic separation or internal factors such as changing values or personalities that lead to a weakening of the bond. In the receiving stage, we select and attend to various stimuli based on salience. a. rarely influence what types of conflict are tolerated, but do influence how conflict is handled Dr. Li and her team investigate how cells consolidate their damaged proteins and prevent them from spreading freely, in order to understand how to better treat diseases such as Alzheimers and ALS. A person in control of a command center like the White House Situation Room should have a good working memory in order to take in, organize, evaluate, and then immediately use new information instead of having to wait for that information to make it to long-term memory and then be retrieved and used. Wolvin, A. D. and Carolyn Gwynn Coakley, A Listening Taxonomy, in Perspectives on Listening, eds. This time period is called preclinical Alzheimer disease and itcan last for years. Additionally, many bosses are not as open to questions or requests to repeat themselves as professors are. 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